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2008 Us Beef Protest in South Korea

Written By Thursday 26 May 2022 Add Comment Edit

Protesters lit up their candles in downtown Seoul, 3 May 2008.

A close up picture of Candle-calorie-free girl, an iconic character created by protest organizers. The slogan reads, "All candles together, till our goals achieved". Photo taken in forepart of Seoul City Hall on six June 2008.

The 2008 U.s.a. beef protestation in South Korea was a series of protest demonstrations made between 24 May 2008 and mid August 2008.[one] confronting president Lee Myung-bak in Seoul, Korea.[two] The protestation involved several hundred thousand[2] [3] and at its peak upwards to one one thousand thousand people.[4] The protest began afterwards the South Korean government reversed a ban on Us beef imports. The ban had been in identify since December 2003, when mad cow illness was detected in U.s.a. beef cattle.[2] [3]

The protests occurred on a background of talks concerning the US-Korea free trade understanding. Critics accuse the motion equally an attempt by the Korean government to please the US government.[2]

Local media also criticized the government'south attempt. An example of this is the Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) PD Note program "Is American Beef Really Safety from Mad Moo-cow Affliction?" televised on 27 April 2008.[five]

Lee Myung-bak'south popularity plummeted subsequently the conclusion and protests.[ii]

Background [edit]

South Korea was once the third-largest importer of Us beef.[2] This changed when in 2003 mad-moo-cow disease, specifically the prion responsible for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), was detected in Usa beef.[3] Imports were then halted.[6]

In 2008, the then new Lee Myung-bak government agreed, after extensive negotiations, to restart imports.[half-dozen]

That decision set off a firestorm of controversy, leading hundreds of thousands of citizens to come up out in the spring and early summertime of 2008 in protest over the resumed imports and confronting the decadent chaebol government. Media reports, public networks, and PD Note uncovered the new president's policies to be putting Due south Koreans' health at adventure of contracting mad moo-cow disease.[6] The deal has sparked public outrage for exposing the country to a higher take chances of mad cow illness.[7]

Natively referred to as the "Million Denizen Protests," the events comprised nation'southward largest anti-authorities move in 2 decades, drawing hundreds of thousands of citizens daily and ane,700 civic groups over a span of three months. The disharmonize escalated to over 770,000 protesters in contention with 470,000 police.[8] [ix] [x]

Origin of the protest [edit]

2003 [edit]

On 23 December 2003, a first case of BSE in the Usa was found in Washington state. The Holstein cow had been imported from Canada in 2001. On 9 December the half dozen.v-year-old cow was slaughtered. The cow was a "downer" (a cow that is unable to walk). For that reason, the US Department of Agronomics (USDA) was automatically notified; and the cow was examined before and subsequently its death by a government vet. The veterinarian determined that the cow was suffering from complications of calving. Samples of tissue were taken for further testing for BSE. Parts of the cow with a high gamble of transmitting the BSE prion were removed but may accept been sent for "inedible rendering" into food for non-ruminant animals. The carcass itself was immune to proceed on for further processing into human food at other facilities. On 23 December 2003 when tests proved positive for BSE, a call up was made. The contaminated meat had not entered the commercial market place. Offspring of the moo-cow were destroyed.[11] South korea, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia and Taiwan banned imports of The states beef.[12]

The head of the US FDA at the fourth dimension was Ann M. Veneman, a former lobbyist for the food manufacture.[13]

Japan is allowed "imports of beefiness and beef products aged xx months or younger" as a "'scientifically sound and internationally recognized standard,'" stated United states of america Agriculture secretarial assistant Mike Johanns. In contrast, the outset phase of Korea's understanding allows os-in beefiness thirty months or younger while the 2d phase allows "specified products from animals over 30 months at a later date."[xiv] [xv]

"Most Koreans eat 85 parts of the cow…that are highly susceptible to prions that huddle in certain areas of the brain, eyes, intestines, spinal cords and backbones." Despite compliance with OIE rules, "the first three shipments of U.South. beef to Korea contained bone fragments, including one shipment that contained an unabridged spine were banned over affliction concerns final October."[16] Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, degenerative, invariably fatal brain disorder. Typically, onset of symptoms occurs at approximately the age of lx. About 90 percentage of patients die within ane year.[17]

Contrary to FDA regulations and those specified by the Free Merchandise Agreement, merely v out of 57 local companies requested for packages to exist checked. There was a 3% inspection from US and i% inspection agreement from Australia/New Zealand. The sample packages were inspected solely for labeling discrepancies, instead of the presence of illness.[eighteen] Although there were many confirmed cases of BSE in encephalon scans and medical tests performed on the public, the true death toll of these policies has yet to exist calculated.[nineteen]

2006 [edit]

By 2006, sixty-v nations had full or partial restrictions on the importation of US beefiness. Export sales of US beefiness fell from $3.8 billion in 2003 to $1.iv billion in 2005.[20] An attempt to reopen the Southward Korean market to United states beef imports in 2006 (restricted to boneless meat from cattle less than 30 months old) failed when the Due south Korean authorities discovered bone chips in a shipment of 3.ii tons of meat.[21] Sporadic attempts made in the post-obit year also failed for like reasons.[22]

2008 – Lee's reversal of the beef import ban [edit]

On 17 January 2008 representatives of the president of South Korea met with Alexander Vershbow, the U.S. ambassador to South korea to discuss beef imports.[23] Farther talks were held between 11 and 17 April 2008. On xviii April U.S. and Southward Korean negotiators reached an agreement on the germ-free rules that Korea would require of U.South. beef imports. The agreement allowed imports of all cuts of U.S. beef (both boneless and bone-in) and certain beef products, including those from cattle over 30 months old. Processors had to remove material known to adventure BSE prion transmission.[24] President Lee visited President George W. Bush at Military camp David on 20 Apr 2008. The U.South. reported,

President Bush welcomed the decision of the Korean regime to resume the import of U.Southward. beef, based on international standards and science. The two presidents pledged to make every attempt to urge their corresponding legislatures to approve the KORUS FTA (Korean US Costless trade agreement) within this year.[25]

Demonstrators accused Lee of reversing the ban on imports of U.S. beef in haste, giving the U.South. unwarranted concessions, so that Korea would receive a favorable reception, particularly with respect to ratifying the proposed free merchandise understanding. The demonstrators said Lee had abandoned his duty of care to the people of South korea for political gain by ignoring their business organization about BSE prion transmission and by lowering tariffs on imported beefiness.[26] [27] Korea agreed to remove a 40% tariff on beef muscle meat imported from the U.S. for a period of fifteen years. Korea could all the same, impose temporary tariffs if in that location was a surge of U.S. beefiness imports to a higher place specified levels.[28]

The government'southward master reason for the concessions involved Lee's deal to sell Hyundai cars, as the former vice president of Hyundai Corporation.[29] "Mr. Lee hoped his conclusion to cease the five-year-sometime ban on American beef would help win Usa Congressional support for a costless trade agreement between the countries. Congressional leaders have warned that they will never ratify the pact unless Republic of korea fully opens its market place to American beef."[30]

MBC PD Annotation program [edit]

On 27 April 2008, MBC televised a programme chosen "Is American Beefiness Really Safe from Mad Cow Disease?" The program precipitated mass demonstrations. Afterward a complaint was received from the Southward Korean agriculture ministry, the Seoul fundamental prosecutors' office formed a team of five to investigate the program's content.[31]

Downer cows [edit]

Downer cows are animals presented for slaughter that are sick or unable to walk. One of many causes for a downer is BSE. MBC was criticised for broadcasting footage of downer cows with translated subtitles that suggested they suffered from BSE, whereas they were filmed considering of animal cruelty concerns, non BSE.[32]

Aretha Vinson [edit]

Aretha Vinson was a 21-yr-sometime student at Virginia State Academy. She died on 9 April 2008 of Wernicke'south encephalopathy.[33] The MBC broadcast showed footage of Vinson's mother speaking near her daughter'south affliction. Translated subtitles suggested Vinson had vCJD, simply that was only 1 initial diagnostic possibility.

Run a risk of United states beef to Republic of korea [edit]

Concerns that some commentators raised about the program included, MBC's statements near a genetic vulnerability of Koreans to CJD;[34] the U.s.a. exporting cattle over 30 months quondam to Korea rather than selling it to the domestic market place;[35] and, the take chances of contracting CJD by consuming beef products such as powdered soup base in instant noodles, cosmetics, and gelatin medication.[36]

Reaction to PD Note [edit]

Demonstrations involving tens of thousands of people began before long after the first broadcast, and increased when MBC aired some other segment two weeks later.

Korean Communications Commission [edit]

MBC became the subject of legal action. On 12 Baronial 2008, the Korea Communications Committee called for MBC to apologise to the public over misrepresentations fabricated in the PD Note program.[37] MBC apologised in a 2-infinitesimal circulate, conceding that six translation errors had been fabricated and that downer cattle had been mistakenly identified every bit suffering from BSE.[38]

MBC versus Government [edit]

The government of South korea directed its prosecutors function to investigate alleged actions of the MBC including mis-representations made by the PD Note plan; bedevilment of civil unrest; and, defamation of the government minister for agriculture. In June 2009, 4 producers and 1 writer were indicted on the charges.[39] In January 2010, the MBC staff were exonerated past judges of the Seoul central district court.[xl] The supreme court upheld the findings.[41]

"Candlelight" demonstrations [edit]

Stacked shipping containers in downtown Seoul blocking Sejong avenue, which leads to the South Korean Presidential residence the Blue House. Photo taken on 12 June 2008.

Internet news media Ohmynews broadcasting alive protest in the street.

Some commentators argue that there is a long-held and perpetual "culture of protest" in South Korea involving groups ranging from anarchists to social reformers.[42] Anti United states of america beefiness protests began on 24 May 2008. After the MBC PD Note broadcast, the US beef protests in Seoul increased. A iii-day demonstration held in relay took identify from 5 June 2008 to 7 June 2008.[43] Attendance peaked on the evening of ten June 2008, (eighty,000 protestors in omnipresence) before declining.[44] (Photographs depicting the demonstrations from "Reuters", "Getty Images" and "AFP" are published here.)

[edit]

Cyberspace and text messaging likewise assisted in publicising the movement. With ready access to social media, amongst the offset to protestation were teenage schoolgirls. A teenage schoolgirl holding a lit candle became the symbol of the anti-U.s.a. beef protests.[45] Comments made by some protestors had trivial basis in scientific discipline.[46]

The demonstrators [edit]

Later on the initial demonstration, the area in front of Seoul's city hall, as well as the adjoining streets, were occupied by demonstrators. Early in the protest, a festival like atmosphere prevailed as protesters of all walks of life, built a makeshift tent city on the lawn at Seoul Plaza.[47] However, some massive, confusing and sometimes ambitious demonstrations and street marches were held each dark, particularly at weekends.[48] Thus, the protest had two faces: more peaceful during the day and more violent at nighttime.[49] About 200 protestors required hospital handling.[50]

Resulting in over 200 injuries and over one,000 arrests,[51] the result had far-reaching effects, including a large outcry from groups philosophically opposed to civil disobedience. "Police estimated that 60,000 people, including 7,000 monks clad in gray Buddhist garb, gathered in front of City Hall in Seoul."[52]

Police action [edit]

On 1 June 2008, police took activeness to control demonstrators. Buses and shipping containers were used to halt the progress of street marches. A barrier of aircraft containers were erected beyond Sejong-Ro to stop marchers from reaching Cheongwadae (office and residence of the president). The protestors named the barrier, "Myung-bak's Fortress" and busy it with leaflets and large Korean flags. They photographed themselves standing on the barrier. It was dismantled several days later without disharmonize.[53] Water cannons were used to suppress protestors. Some demonstrators were detained for questioning.[54] [55] The Amnesty International study on the human rights aspects of the demonstrations is published here. The report said,

The protests were for the well-nigh part peaceful and given its size and duration, both the protesters and the police showed notable organisation and restraint. However, in that location were sporadic incidents of violence, as riot police force and protesters clashed. The ii principal flashpoints of violence occurred on 31 May/1 June, when the police first used water cannons, tear gas, and burn down extinguishers, and 28/29 June, the weekend following the government'south declaration that US beefiness imports would resume. The decision to use h2o cannons and burn extinguishers contributed to the mass resignation of all 14 members of the Korean National Police Agency's man rights committee.[56]

Other forms of protest [edit]

Several workers' unions went on strike to show their opposition to the beef import. One of them is the Korean Metal Workers' Union, which represents workers at 240 companies, including the country'due south four major automakers. On 2 July, they went on a two-hour strike to need a new beef bargain and improve working atmospheric condition.

On 6 July, the Catholic Priests' Association for Justice, an influential religious group known for its struggle against the dictatorships, lead an outdoor Mass to lend its moral support to the protesters.[57]

Effects of the protests [edit]

A fast food eating house in Seoul reassuring customers that they are using "clean beefiness from Australia".

Korean government [edit]

The approval rating of Lee fell below xx%. Prime Minister Han Seung-soo and other cabinet members submitted their resignations to President Lee.[58] On 22 May and so once again on 18 June 2008, Lee apologised for ignoring public wellness concerns.[59] Lee said,

I should have paid attention to what people want. Sitting on a loma well-nigh Cheongwadae on the night of 10 June, watching the candlelight acuity, I blamed myself for not serving the people amend.

Lee also delayed the declaration of any further relaxation of beef importation rules, for instance, importation of meat from cattle over thirty months of age.[59] On 2 July 2008, Han Seung-soo, Prime number Minister of Republic of korea bought 260,000 Korean won (roughly United states of america$230–$260) worth of U.S. steak to swallow with his family at his official residence to alleviate public worries about U.Southward. beef. The aforementioned corporeality of Korean beef would have cost approximately 800,000 Korean won (roughly $700–$800, three times more than expensive than imported U.Southward. beefiness).[threescore]

Usa [edit]

On 22 June 2008, an American trade envoy headed by Susan C. Schwab, agreed with the Korean prime minister and agronomics minister to limit the consign of meat to that from carcasses of cattle less than 30 months old with regime certification of their age and to permit Korea to audit a sample of U.S. slaughterhouses. The agreement too included the banning of importation to Korea of meat from cattle organs considered loftier risk for transmission of the BSE prion such as brains, eyes, skulls and spinal cord. Schwab said,

We look forward to prophylactic, affordable, loftier-quality American beef – the aforementioned beef enjoyed by hundreds of millions of U.Due south. consumers and people in countries around the world – soon arriving on Korean tables.[61]

Tom Casey, deputy spokesman at the U.Due south. Country Section rejected the notion that the U.S. had bullied S. Korea into removing the 2003 ban on U.Due south. beef imports and said,

[The U.Due south. and S. Korea] have a long history of military machine and security cooperation. I don't think this or whatever other individual issues are going to change the fundamental relations (between the 2 countries).[62]

From December 2009 to December 2010 the United states of america meat export federation (USMEF) used a three phase project called, "To trust". Information technology was an image entrada, designed to increment the trust of Koreans in The states beef. It depicted 3 women who were mothers and homemakers. One was a rancher, one a scientist and i a food safety inspector.[63]

Hullo! Seoul festival [edit]

In 2009, a minor number of demonstrators commemorated the anniversary of the 2008 protests. They forcibly occupied the Hi! Seoul Festival phase in forepart of the metropolis hall in primal Seoul. The police removed the protestors.[64]

[edit]

Kim Dae-joong (not to exist confused with former Korean President and Nobel Peace Prize winner Kim Dae-jung), a columnist at the Korea Times, wrote in his editorial piece: "It amounts to double-crossing to be actually addicted of America in all substantive matters, while bad-mouthing America in public protests."[65]

U.s. beef imports in South Korea [edit]

On 1 July 2008, U.S. beefiness imports resumed. In 2009, the US exported 141 1000000 lbs of beefiness to South Korea worth $215 million.[66] In 2017, the United States became the pinnacle beef exporter to South Korea, with a record of sending 177,445 tonnes.[67]

See also [edit]

  • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
  • South Korea – United States Gratuitous Merchandise Agreement
  • Lee Myung-bak
  • United States beef imports in S Korea
  • US beef imports in Japan
  • US beef imports in Taiwan

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

  • Southward Korean Protests over U.South. Beefiness The Big Picture Boston.com (Boston Earth).
  • Mad Cow Hysteria Breen, Michael. The Korea Times.
  • Q&A: Korea beef protests BBC News.
  • Collection of news, photos and videos
  • Facts almost American beefiness, Embassy of the U.s.a. in Seoul.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_US_beef_protest_in_South_Korea

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